Tag Archives: andesite

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Bellyside Crag and Upper Goldscleugh Sike

We buy a 10.00 GBP day permit from Savills, Glendale Road, Wooler and drive up the College Valley to Dunsdale where we start our walk up Bellyside Hill. The purpose of the expedition is to examine the granitic rock at the northern end of the pluton at Bellyside Crag which is classified by Al-Hafdh and by previous writers as ‘Marginal’ like the rock of Cunyon Crag and Dunmoor Hill on the south east side of the pluton. We also hope to find and examine the andesite outlier mapped at the head of Goldscleugh to see if it gives any clues as to its relationship with the pluton.

Bellyside Hill

View from Bellyside Hill looking up towards Goldscleugh Sike
The ground behind is the summit plateau of the Cheviot.

Bellyside Hill is Cheviot’s closest approximation to a classic ridge walk. Until about 600m there is a good path passing a series of granitic tors on the way. These are composed of a granitic but in appearance mafic rock with occasional felsic intrusions of pink rock.
At about 600m the path disappears and the only way forward is through tiresome blanket bog vegetation.

View looking north down Bellyside Hill showing the outcropping tors

View looking north down Bellyside Hill showing the outcropping tors

View looking north down Bellyside Hill showing the outcropping tors

A felsic phase or dyke in one of the tors on Bellyside Hill

Upper Goldscleugh reveals some rather heavily altered rock which may possibly be andesite, but it occurs as scattered blocks and pebbles, so it is impossible to determine any relationship with the pluton. If it is indeed andesite, its altered state indicates that it must have originated from close to the pluton contact.

We now tramp over to Bellyside Crag. This turns out to be composed of a mafic granitic rock similar to that found on the tors of Bellyside Hill.
The screes around the crag have a large colony of clubmosses.

Thin section of rock from Bellyside Crag viewed with crossed polars at X40

Thin section of rock from Bellyside Crag viewed with crossed polars at X40
Granophyric texture can be seen in several places. There is a large crystal of clinopyroxene at the bottom of the picture.

Subsequent thin section analysis reveals some interesting facts. The rocks of Bellyside Hill and Bellyside Crag are very similar to each other although the Bellyside Hill specimens may have a slightly higher proportion of alkali feldspar. However, neither are anything like the ‘Marginal’ rock of Dunmoor Hill and Cunyon Crag.
The Bellyside Hill specimens have a lower proportion of plagioclase to alkali feldspar (identifiable feldspars show a ratio of about 1:2, plagioclase to alkali feldspar); there is very little biotite, the main mafic mineral being pyroxene (10-15%); quartz content is similar at about 20%. It also has a more marked fine matrix than the southern Marginal with frequent granophyric texture.
It therefore seems rather doubtful that it has the same origin as the southern Marginal rock.

As regards the “andesite” of upper Goldscleugh Sike, if we are correct in identifying this as a granite/andesite contact, both the andesite and granite show clear signs of banding which may indicate contact compression.
Apart from the contact on Shiel Cleugh Edge, this is the only evidence for kinematic action which we have found on Cheviot. Where it exists it appears to be very localised. However, we remain rather uncertain whether the rock from upper Goldscleugh Sike was andesite or just an altered granitic rock.

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Scald Hill – The Cheviot – Cairn Hill – Upper Harthope Valley

Scald Hill – The Cheviot – Cairn Hill – Upper Harthope Valley

The main purpose of this expedition was to confirm the presence of a distinct type of plutonic rock on the upper reaches of the Cheviot itself. This is what we have called the ‘Evolved’ type, and which Al-Hafdh called the ‘Woolhope’ type. Chemical analysis done by Al-Hafdh, and our own thin section work suggests that this rock has a lower mafic, higher alkali feldspar and higher quartz content than the other plutonic rocks of the Cheviot pluton. Chemically and mieralogically it appears to be a true granite but with its finer grain size (often under 0.25mm) it is nearer to an intermediate rock such as a felsite. The consensus is that this sort of rock being a more acid type, is a later differentiation and intrusion. It lies at the current top of the pluton, and may have almost broken through the andesite covering. This would account for its fine grain size which must be the result of more rapid cooling.
We start from the foot of the Hawsen Burn and ascend the footpath via Scald Hill. On the traverse of Scald Hill we find a mixture of pink porphyritic ‘granite’ as well as the Evolved type. This mixture continues on the ascent of the Cheviot itself, but the Evolved type rapidly begins to predominate. There is no discernible clear boundary between the types. At NT 92103 21115 we find plenty of quartz and hematite veining.

Quartz and haematite veining

Quartz and haematite veining

At NT 91826 20984 the rock looks brecciated. The situation is confused at NT 92020 21066 and NT 91789 20966 by the appearance of a much more mafic fine-grained rock with the Evolved type. We are uncertain whether these represent a more mafic differentiation within the Evolved type or are xenoliths of andesite which have collapsed into the roof of the pluton. Thin section analysis should answer this problem.

Andesite xenolith or fine-grained plutonic rock

Andesite xenolith or fine-grained plutonic rock?

The summit plateau of Cheviot is magnificent with a large extents of blanket bog containing cotton-grass, clubmosses and cloudberry some of which was fruiting quite prolifically. We abandon any plans to cross over the bog to Bellyside Crag because there is no path and we do not wish to damage the fragile ecology. We continue along the paved footpath to Cairn Hill and descend to the head of the Harthope Burn. What exposures exist indicate that the rock type is Evolved over this whole area.
We begin to see a change back to the typical coarser pink porphyritic ‘granite’ in the upper reaches of the Harthope Burn at NT 90671 19035. From then onwards down to Harthope Linn there are some exposures of very weathered rock. We lacked time to make a detailed examination of this, and plan another expedition specifically to this area.

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Upper Coquetdale

This is a mainly car-based expedition to examine various features in this beautiful dale. We drive straight to Fulhope to sample the limited exposures of Cheviot rhyolite. The geological survey classifies the rock as ‘mica-felsite’. It is a purplish rock with white feldspar phenocrysts. There is little evidence of mica to the naked eye. In the dry stone walls it has a rather more crinkly texture than the commoner andesite.
We then drive to Blindburn to view the excellent exposures of blocky andesite resting on a bed of tuff and ignimbrite on the opposite (South) side of the Coquet. We drive past the traditional hay meadows of Barrowburn, and notice that the Wood Cranesbill is in flower beside the road.
We stop at Bygate to try to locate the Acklington Dyke in the river bed. We find it in a rather inaccessible spot in the river. The Dyke has nothing to do with either the Devonian Cheviot volcanics or the Permian Whin Sill. It is one of a series of tholeiitic dolerite dykes radiating from the Eocene Mull volcano, and reaching right on to the Northumberland coastal plain.
Our final port of call is Kateshaw Crag at the roadside between Bygate and Shillmoor. The andesite here has weathered to produce beautiful blue-green phenocrysts of chlorite. We were trying to find the quartz-porphyry dyke which has been mapped in the river bed here. We could see a bed of rock on the opposite bank which looked more granitic than the surrounding andesite but the river was too deep to wade so confirmation eluded us.ACKLINGTON DYKEANDESITEBLINDBURNBYGATESCHLORITECOQUETFELDSPARFULHOPEIGNIMBRITEKATESHAW CRAGMICA-FELSITEPHENOCRYSTSQUARTZ-PORPHYRYRHYOLITETHEOLIITIC BASALTTUFFWOOD CRANESBILL

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Up the Hawsen Burn to Goldscleugh

Our objective is to examine the different types of ‘granite’ on the uplands above the Hawsen Burn and in the upper reaches of the College Valley around Goldscleugh where the northern ‘granite’ meets the andesite. On the climb up past Hawsen Crags we have an excellent view of a pair of stonechats. The torrential rain of November and December 2015 has gouged out a ditch by the path to a depth of at least a metre (NT93932 23084). In this gulley we find plenty of breccia which may perhaps be bedrock. One piece in particular consists of rather fine banded agate which has obviously been formed before brecciation and then cemented together again with more silica. This may be evidence for the location of one of the elusive volcanic vents.
The summit plateau before descending to Goldscleugh offers splendid views of the upper College Valley. The terrain is peat bog, and what few rocks appear are of the pink porphyritic type, some coarser, some finer grained. We descend to the Lambden Burn. Ian explores along the streambed in an easterly direction, and confirms the geological survey that tongues of ‘granite’ penetrate the andesite on the north side of the burn.
We stop to examine the rocks at the southerly branch of the head of the Lambden Burn. Ian discovers an outcrop (NT 92655 22523) which closely resembles the Evolved granular granite on the upper slopes of Cheviot. We contemplate the nearby Woolhope Crag but decide to leave that for another expedition.
As we return down the Hawsen Burn, Ian branches off to examine the Hawsen Crag (NT 94797 23216).

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Return visit to Harthope Linn

This is a splendid day of warm sunshine. Non-geological highlights include 2 rather torpid adders, one nearly two feet long, crossing our path. There is a fairly long walk through delightful upland birch-alder woodland before crossing a boulder field deposited by floodwaters from the Harthope Burn. We find some rather fine tourmalinised ‘granite’ but, being in the boulder field, it is impossible to tell its origin.
We stop for refreshments at the upper Harthope Linn (waterfall) climbing down to the burn margin. We find a boulder of brecciated rock cemented together by silica. This must have been formed at high temperature, and we would like to believe that it represents part of a volcanic vent. For a 100 square kilometres of andesite to have been poured out, andesite being a fairly viscous lava, there must have been numerous vents during the cycle of active vulcanicity, but their location remains unknown after eons of erosion have destroyed the evidence for them. The problem with this piece of breccia is that it is not clear that it is bedrock and so may have been transported to its present position by ice or water. It also may have been formed by the pressures generated by the Harthope Fault on the line of which it lies.
We walk back down to the lower Harthope Linn just by the stell (circular dry stone sheepfold). There are some interesting rocks in the stream bed. The usual pink granite can be seen adjoining the darker Marginal dioritic variety. There is also some hornfelsed andesite. We would like to believe that this might be evidence for stoping from the andesite roof 400 metres above, but, again, it lies on the Harthope Fault and may have been brought down by earth movements after vulcanicity ceased.

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The Hawsen Burn

We find plenty of fine-grained granophyric rock but we are not convinced that it really is of the same type as the ‘Evolved’ rock from the summit and north slopes of the Cheviot. Subsequent thin section analysis suggests that it and samples from the Standrop Burn are rather different from the ‘Evolved’ type. However, the Hawsen Burn samples do share the high quartz and low plagioclase content of the ‘Evolved’ rock of the Upper Cheviot area. At any rate, we now feel that there is insufficient evidence to argue that the fine-grained granophyric rocks are all part of a common ring dyke system. They are quite likely to be separate intrusions, some of them representing very late magmatic activity.
We locate a medium-grained but rather altered, pink porphyritic variety at NT 94299 23027 which seems to correspond with varieties found on Dunmoor and Hedgehope Hills.
There is plenty of evidence of altered andesite, hornfelsed by contact with the pluton as we would expect here as the Hawsen Burn runs along the boundary between the two in some places.

Altered yellowish andesite at NT 94504 23011 is stated in some guides to contain massive epidote but there was none in the samples that we thinned.

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Housey and Long Crags

A fine day and we go in search of these magnificent outliers of hornfelsed andesite.
At both crags, careful searching reveals a fine-grained pink granitic rock at the base which we interpret as granite chilled against the andesite.
The stratification of the altered lava crags follow exactly the same contour as the base terrain which is made up of plutonic rock. This supports the idea that these crags were part of the final roof of the magma chamber that remains pretty much in its original position rather than a portion that has fallen into the magma.
(While by no means conclusive, this evidence points away from cauldron subsidence or stoping.) (Couldn’t the stoping process have occurred at a lower level than these portions of roof, leaving them unaffected?)
The space problem in relation to plutons has reared its head.

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Dunmoor Hill

We go to Dunmoor Hill in search of Al-Hafdh’s hitherto elusive chilled margins. Dunmoor Hill is a particularly good site as exposure, unlike in many areas of the Cheviot hills, is plentiful. We are finding Al-Hafdh’s thesis on the Cheviot pluton immensely stimulating. It has provided clear direction to our own research, although we are beginning to doubt his proposal that the Cheviot pluton consisted of a series of ring dykes.
The area below Cunyon Crags has plenty of small outcrops where we find a bewildering mixture of felsic and mafic fine-grained material. At first, we think that the mafic rock is altered andesite. However, thin sections show very well-developed granophyric texture in the felsic rock which imply late intrusion into already established plutonic bodies. The mafic rock has a very high biotite/opaque iron oxide content, and appears to be restite.
Subsequently, we are able to trace the junction between the pink rock (Al-Hafdh’s Dunmoor type) and the more mafic Marginal rocks right across the south slope of Dunmoor Hill. The junction doesn’t show a clear cut boundary but it does present frequent inter-penetration of the two types. The implication is that neither type was fully consolidated when the intrusion took place.
We are still unable to find any chilled margins to confirm an intrusion sequence. Finer rocks always turn out to be aplite veins or small dykes.

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A hypothesis and an excursion to Harthope Linn

 Harthope Linn (NT 92734 20229)

We are pursuing the idea that the rocky features in the mostly rounded Cheviot Hills were caused by a more mafic content making the rocks harder. This would account for waterfalls such as Harthope Linn and Linhope Spout. Field work has shown that the andesite at the Carey Burn Linn and at Davidson’s Linn are of the dark harder variety.

There seems to be considerable variety in the rocks of the Cheviot pluton. The 1” geological survey shows the whole area as ‘granite’ but it is also apparent that the visible mineral content make this classification doubtful. This has led me to begin working with Ian to investigate and map the area in an effort to find out what is there and to better understand how it came to be so .

Today’s work at Harthope Linn did reveal rocks with a high colour index and mafic content but there were also other paler varieties and some showing substantial alteration.